Harry Dexter White (below) contributed materials to Chambers but not as part of the Ware Group. When Chambers defected in 1938, the Ware Group went dormant and then broke up. ![]() Peters, first organized under Harold Ware, inherited by Whittaker Chambers (under orders from Peters), and also included: John Abt, Marion Bachrach (Abt's sister), Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Charles Kramer, Nathan Witt, Henry Collins, George Silverman, John Herrmann, Nathaniel Weyl, and Victor Perlo. Ware Group: Sleeper spy ring in US headed by J. Its members included Harry Houghton, Ethel Gee, Gordon Lonsdale, and most famously Morris and Lona Cohen (cryptonym Peter and Helen Kroger). This spy ring was unique because they did not use the cover of an embassy as the cover for their spies. Portland Spy Ring: The Portland Spy Ring operated in England, as a Soviet spy ring, from the 1950s until 1961 when the core of the network were arrested by British Security Services. There were many others that were accused of being a part of the Cambridge Spy Ring, but these five members were collectively known as the Cambridge Five. The group included Kim Philby (cryptonym 'Stanley'), Donald Maclean (cryptonym 'Homer'), Guy Burgess (cryptonym 'Hicks'), Anthony Blunt (cryptonyms 'Tony', 'Johnson'), and John Cairncross (cryptonym 'Liszt'). There is debate surrounding the exact timing of their recruitment, but it is generally believed that they were not recruited as agents until after they had graduated. These spies were decoding encrypted information, and using many skills to gain an advantage over enemy countries.Ĭambridge Five: The Cambridge Five consisted of five members that were recruited from the University of Cambridge in the 1930s. Due to the nature of espionage, the information that we can gather about these activities is limited, equally as limited is the prosecutorial reach with regards to people who commit espionage are subjected to (especially in the United States). KGB under the Council of Ministers of the Soviet UnionĮspionage activities continued from prior to the beginning of the cold war in the late thirties- early forties, and all the way through the late 1960s and even continuing through today. (People's Commissariat for State Security) (People's Commissariat of State Security) People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) PGU KGB or INO under Cheka (later KGB) of the USSR Instead of trusting technology, states relied on spies: people who infiltrated enemy territory and tried to discover information while staying undetected. It was vital to know what the adversary was up to, and the possibility of using the hi-tech surveillance that is used today was not around. ĭuring the Cold War, information was a key commodity. Cold War espionage was focused on gaining an advantage in information about the enemies' capabilities, especially related to atomic weaponry. Although the two powers never engaged in a full-scale war, both countries were constantly preparing for an all-out nuclear war. Prior even to the United States' use of nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet Union had been developing the technology to make similar devices. After World War II, the victory of the Soviet Union over Germany granted them considerable territorial spoils the Soviet Union banded together these states economically and politically creating a superpower challenging the might of the United States. The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II led by the United States (and the Western Bloc) and the Soviet Union (and the Eastern Bloc). Cold War espionage has been fictionally depicted in works such as the James Bond and Matt Helm books and movies. Soviet espionage in the United States during the Cold War was an outgrowth of World War II nuclear espionage, with both sides utilizing and evolving techniques and practices developed during World War II. While several organizations such as the CIA and KGB became synonymous with Cold War espionage, many others played key roles in the collection and protection of the section concerning detection of spying, and analysis of a wide host of intelligence disciplines. Both relied on a wide variety of military and civilian agencies in this pursuit. 1947–1991) between the Western allies (primarily the US and Western Europe) and the Eastern Bloc (primarily the Soviet Union and allied countries of the Warsaw Pact). ![]() Aspect of the Cold War Klaus Fuchs, exposed in 1950, is considered to have been the most valuable of the atomic spies during the Manhattan Project.Ĭold War espionage describes the intelligence gathering activities during the Cold War ( c.
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